Central Park Five and Scotts Brothers Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Central Park Five and Scotts Brothers - Article Example From this paper it is clear that the crime of rape/sexual assault in the context of these two cases is a race crime. It is imagined that since the Black and Latino  boys were around when the rape cases occurred, they are expected to have a link with the occurrence. Black and Latino  have long been linked to crime cases.This study outlines that  for Scottsboro Boys, the press mobilized the public to always consider the sentence on the boys a miscarriage of justice. The media always questioned the way in which the case was conducted. The same applied for The Central Park Five that had the press always insisting that the boys were innocent and the case was simply made-up. For the two cases, the fact that the reporter considers most contemptible is the reality that the youth of the boys in question was robbed. For The Central Park Five, he is shocked that the police ignored there existing no physical evidence. For Scottsboro Boys, I am surprised that only black boys were arrested.   Miscarriage of justice is evident in the two cases. As Burns et al indicate, it is true that Raymond, Kevin, Antron, Yusef and Kharey witnessed weird behaviors in the park. Forcing them to confess to the rape case is indeed illegal. The same applies to Scottsboro Boys who were falsely accused of the rape of two women in 1931 whilst on a train. The constitutional right to have proper evidence prior to sentencing was violated.

Illuminating the Illusion Essay Example for Free

Illuminating the Illusion Essay Jay Chiat, and expert in the advertising field, looked at advertising differently than those in the advertising business today. He launched the Energizer Bunny and Apple commercials. Not only that, he started a new age of advertising during the Super Bowl. Chiat was an amazing advertiser; however, he reached a point in 1997 where he desired to leave the marketing industry. He no longer agreed with the ideals of the advertising world. In Chiat’s essay, â€Å"Illusions are Forever,† he uncovers the true ideals of the marketing industry. His essay discusses how the lies in advertising â€Å"lie in the situations, values, beliefs, and cultural norms used to sell a message.†(212) Through this essay, Chiat uses strong, vivacious words to create an image of the true face of advertising. In the same manner, he includes examples and descriptions that embellish that image and grab the attention of the reader. Amidst all of this, Chiat composes his essay in a manner that allows for a clear, insightful message to come across. Chiat is indeed bitter of advertising, but that does not affect his message. He remains conversational throughout the course of the essay. The technique that Chiat uses throughout his writing is superb, and he does an excellent job of getting his message across. Chiat uses strong, vivid word choice throughout his essay to give his readers a precise image of the schemes used by today’s advertisers. Chiat’s words â€Å"unrelenting†(213) and â€Å"24-hour-a-day drumbeat†(213) allow his readers to imagine how advertisers are constantly hammering their ideas into the heads of the viewers. Words such as â€Å"robs us†(213) allow Chiat to make the point that advertisers rob Americans of their view of life, replacing it instead with an â€Å"illusion†. Chiat also uses â€Å"seductive†(214) to give his readers a further understanding of what advertisers are seeking. Chiat is using words such as â€Å"seductive†(214) to enlighten consumers to the idea that advertisers twist their lies in a fashion that is seemingly pleasing to the eyes but is still made up of lies. Chiat’s words are critical of advertisers and how they do not truly care about their consumer. Chiat, nonetheless, does not blind his reader to the essay’s purpose by getting lost in the emotional rhetoric. Chiat’s writing is filled with informative and detailed rhetorical modes that greatly add to the impact of his argument. Unlike many writers who seem to get lost in their descriptions of a topic, Chiat includes examples, definitions and descriptions while still shining light upon the advertising backdrop. One instance of this occurs when Chiat uses the example of the wedding ring from DeBaers, Chiat uses this example to help the readers visualize how the advertisers seek to infiltrate the minds of their consumers. Following this example, Chiat then defines â€Å"unmediated†(213) as â€Å"without media†(213). Chiat defines â€Å"unmediated†(213), a word that most take lightly, in an effort to give his readers a clear understanding of the strategies used by advertisers. A few paragraphs later, Chiat proceeds to describe internet advertising. Chiat gives a clear image to his readers on how internet advertisers drag adults in with their â€Å"authoritative-looking†(213) websites. Chiat’s placement of these examples, definitions and descriptions is excellent. He places them in positions that not only increase the flow of the writing but also pique the interests of his readers. Adding the rhetorical modes previously mentioned is very important for writers such as Chiat because there are points in writing where the pace of the writing dies down. Chiat places these modes in marvelous positions that keep up the pace of the article as it moves along. Along with descriptive words and examples, organization of ideas is also critical when writing an essay, and Chiat’s layout of paragraphs is very logical, and in turn deductive, in other words, the reasoning follows the thesis. Chiat opens up his essay with a bit of background on advertising in order to strengthen the thesis that follows. His thesis is clear and to the point. Because his thesis is mentioned in the beginning of the essay, and the reasoning behind his essay follows in each of the body paragraphs, Chiat’s essay follows this deductive style. Chiat then uses this combination to capture the reader’s attention and make them want to read more with each following paragraph. Chiat pulls the reader along not only with his strong words but also by arranging his ideas in a fashion that allows for a constant pace. In the same manner, each of the points that Chiat makes relates back to the thesis. The readers are not led up to an  apparent climax only to find another exposition; Chiat’s points are clear and flow beautifully. He includes good transitions that allow the writing to have the feel of a constant flow and not have abrupt stops in the middle of the writing where a change in direction occurs. Chiat has a great understanding of how to organize his thoughts, and he demonstrates that in his writing. Besides simply writing in a way that is pleasing to the eyes, Chiat also keeps a good tone throughout the course of the writing. This allows him to keep his readers from turning to other writings. The tone throughout his essay is bitter, but Chiat remains conversational at the same time. The descriptions of the different advertisers are definitely negative; Chiat makes it clear that he does not agree with advertisers. In the concluding paragraph of his essay, Chiat challenges us to find our own personal truth rather than the apparitional truth presented to us by advertisers. In a similar manner, Chiat says in his final paragraph that people should ignore the vision of life offered by advertisers. Amidst all of this negativity, Chiat’s writing maintains a conversational feel. Chiat involves his readers directly by asking them questions, having them imagine images, etc†¦ Chiat may have held a bitter tone over the course of the essay, and though in many cases writers using a bitter tone in their writing drive away their readers with their immense negativity, Chiat does not overpower his readers with his negative thoughts and descriptions. In fact, Chiat’s calm yet bitter tone allows his readers to better embrace his feelings. Chiat uses strong word choice and rhetorical modes, clear organization, and an inviting tone to strengthen his essay on the schemes behind advertising. These different components throughout his essay enable his readers to gain a broad understanding of Chiat’s different poins and the lies surrounding them every day. Chiat uses his great understanding of these different devices to uphold a steady pace and a smooth flow. Chiat’s â€Å"Illusions are Forever† is a well spoken essay. It captures the interests of its readers, it is very informative, and it is a very relaxed read for a negative view of advertising.

Types Of Substitution Reactions Biology Essay

Types Of Substitution Reactions Biology Essay In a substitution reaction, a functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group .In organic chemistry, the electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions are of main importance. Organic substitution reactions are classified into depending on whether the reagent that brings about the substitution is considered an electrophile or a nucleophile, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical or whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. A reaction can be made faster or slower by taking into consideration the temperature and the solvent we are using.A good example of a substitution reaction is the photochemical chlorination of methane forming methyl chloride. Nucleophilic substitution What is a nucleophile Nucleophilic substitution happens when the reagent is a nucleophile, which means the attacking species is a nucleus loving species .it is itself negatively charged or has a lone pair. Such species get attracted to positive or electron deficient carbon centres.. A nucleophile reacts with an aliphatic substrate in a nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction. These substitutions can be of two dofferent mechanisms: unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1) and bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2). The SN1 mechanism has two steps. In the first step, the leaving group leaves, forming a carbocation. In the second step, the nucleophilic species attacks the carbocation and forms a sigma bond. This mechanism can result in either inversion or retention of configuration. An SN2 reaction has just one step. The attack of the reagent and the expulsion of the leaving group occurs simultaneously. This mechanism always results in inversion of configuration. When the substrate is an aromatic compound the reaction type is nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Electrophilic substitutions What is an electrophile An electrophile is a electron loving species, it itself is positively charged and wants to stabilize itself by making a sigma bond with the electron rich carbon centre. Electrophiles are involved in electrophilic substitution reactions and particularly in electrophilic aromatic substitutions. SN1 REACTION The SN1 reaction is a substitution reaction. SN means nucleophilic substitution and the 1 represents the fact that the rate-determining step is unimolecular . Carbocation intermediate is formed in this reaction .It is seen that tertiary carbocations are very stable due to + I effect and thus go for SN1 Reaction. With primary alkyl halides, the alternative SN2 reaction occurs. As primary Alkyl Halides mostly Form primary carbocation which is very unstable and thus have to go through SN2 Substitution reaction. Mechanism An example of a reaction taking place with an SN1 reaction mechanism is the hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide with water forming tert-butyl alcohol: This SN1 reaction takes place in three steps: Formation of a tert-butyl carbocation by separation of a leaving group (a bromide anion) from the carbon atom: this step is slow and reversible. Nucleophilic attack: the carbocation reacts with the nucleophile. If the nucleophile is a neutral molecule (i.e. a solvent) a third step is required to complete the reaction. When the solvent is water, the intermediate is an oxonium ion. This reaction step is fast. Deprotonation: Removal of a proton on the protonated nucleophile by water acting as a base forming the alcohol and a hydronium ion. This reaction step is fast. WHY THIS REACTION OCCURS Bulky atoms(methyl, ethyl) surrounding the carbon atoms mostly allow SNI reaction. As the bulky alkyl halides are attached to the central carbon atom,it is both stabilized by hyperconjugation and +In ductive effect. The SN1 mechanism therefore dominates in reactions at tertiary alkyl centers and is further observed at secondary alkyl centers in the presence of weak nucleophiles. SN2 REACTION The SN2 reaction (also known as bimolecular nucleophilic substitution or as backside attack) is a type of nucleophilic substitution, where a lone pair from a nucleophile attacks an electron deficient electrophilic center and bonds to it, expelling another group called a leaving group. Thus the incoming group replaces the leaving group in one step. Since two reacting species are involved in the slow, rate-determining step of the reaction, this leads to the name bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, or SN2. Among inorganic chemists, the SN2 reaction is often known as the interchange mechanism. REACTION MECHANISM The reaction most often occurs at an aliphatic sp3 carbon center with an electronegative, stable leaving group attached to it X frequently a halide atom. The breaking of the C-X bond and the formation of the new C-Nu bond occur simultaneously to form a transition state in which the carbon under nucleophilic attack is pentacoordinate, and approximately sp2 hybridised. The nucleophile attacks the carbon at 180 to the leaving group, since this provides the best overlap between the nucleophiles lone pair and the C-X s* antibonding orbital. The leaving group is then pushed off the opposite side and the product is formed. If the substrate under nucleophilic attack is chiral, this can lead, although not necessarily, to an inversion of stereochemistry, called the Walden inversion. SN2 reaction of bromoethane with hydroxide ion. The products are ethanol and a bromide ion. In an example of the SN2 reaction, the attack of OH- (the nucleophile) on a bromoethane (the electrophile) results in ethanol, with bromide ejected as the leaving group. SN2 attack occurs if the backside route of attack is not sterically hindered by substituents on the substrate. Therefore this mechanism usually occurs at an unhindered primary carbon centre. If there is steric crowding on the substrate near the leaving group, such as at a tertiary carbon centre, the substitution will involve an SN1 rather than an SN2 mechanism, (an SN1 would also be more likely in this case because a sufficiently stable carbocation intermediary could be formed.) In coordination chemistry, associative substitution proceeds via a similar mechanism as SN2. FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION 1) The Basicity of the Leaving Group. By comparing the relative SN2 reaction rates of compounds with atoms in the same periodic group (the halides, for example), results show that the ability as a leaving group during an SN2 reaction depends on its basicity. In general, the weaker the basicity of a group, the greater its leaving ability. For example, the iodide ion is a very weak base and because it is so, it is the most reactive. Weak bases do not hold their electrons tightly, making it easier for their bonds to be broken. In contrast, the fluoride ion is a stronger base than the other halides and, therefore, the least reactive. In fact, the fluoride ion is such a strong base that compounds involving them essentially do not undergo SN2 reaction. Looking at the periodic table, relative basicity decreases down a group. (Stronger Base) F- > Cl- > Br- > I- (Weaker Base) 2) The Size of the Nucleophile. How readily a compound attacks an electron-deficient atom also affects an SN2 reaction. As a rule, a negatively charged species (e.g. OH -) are better nucleophiles than neutral species (e.g. H2O, water). There is a direct relationship between basicity and nucleophilicity: stronger bases are better nucleophiles. Acidity, the ability of an atom to give up a proton (H+), is comparatively relative in molecules whose attacking atoms are approximately the same in size, the weakest going toward the left side of the periodic table. If hydrogen were attached to second-row elements of the periodic table, the resulting compounds would have the following relative acidities: (Weaker Acid) NH3 If each of these acids were to give up a hydrogen, the result would be its conjugate base, and the relative strengths will reverse. The stronger base now moves toward the left side of the periodic table. (Stronger Base) -NH2 > HO- > F- (Weaker Base) Elements increase in size down the periodic table. Although basicity decreases down the periodic table, nucleophilicity increases as size increases depending on the solvent used. 3) Solvent. If a reaction is carried out in a protic solvent, whose molecules have a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen or to a nitrogen, the larger atom is a better nucleophile in an SN2 reaction. In other words, the weaker base is the better nucleophile in a protic solvent. For example, the iodide ion is better than a fluoride ion as a nucleophile. However, if the reaction is carried out in an aprotic solvent, whose molecules do not have hydrogen bonded to an oxygen or to a nitrogen, then the stronger base is the better nucleophile. In this case, the fluoride ion is better than the iodide ion as a nucleophile. 4) Sterics. Steric hindrance is any effect of a compound due to the size and/or arrangement of its substituent groups. Steric effects affect nucleophilicity but does not affect base strength. A bulky nucleophile, such as a tert-butoxide ion with its specific arrangement of methyl groups, is a poorer nucleophile than an ethoxide ion with a straighter chain of carbons, even though tert-butoxide is a stronger base.

Siddhartha Essays: Form, Style, and Content -- Hesse Siddhartha Essays

Form, Style, and Content in Siddhartha   Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Mileck asserts in Hermann Hesse: Life and Art that Siddhartha is a perfect exemplification of what he calls, "conscious craftsmanship". For Mileck, Hesse consciously synchronized form and substance in Siddhartha to best illustrate a feeling of unity and the journey through the mind, body, and soul. In Siddhartha, Hesse consciously crafted a piece that is unified in form, style, and content, and created an atmosphere in which each one of these elements is perfectly complementary with the others.    In order to communicate most accurately the inner journey of Siddhartha through the three stages of experience, Hesse maintains appropriate rhythm and form throughout the novel. In terms of structure, Siddhartha is comprised of twelve chapters broken down into three groups of three chapters, in which each group is subsequently followed by an interlude. The interlude serves the function of dissipating and refocusing the energy which is built in the preceding three chapters. For example, the first three chapters describe Siddhartha's experiences in the land of the spirit, and ends with the interlude, "Awakening", in which Siddhartha is awakened with the idea that he is spiritually unattached and must seek a new path.    In the next three chapters, Siddhartha experiences the land of the senses and of corporal pleasure. This second group of three chapters is followed by the interlude, "By the River",which serves "to consolidate the experiences just past and prepare Siddhartha for those to come." The final three chapters are concerned with working towards a synthesis of the spiritual and the sensual, which is achieved in the final chapter, "Om". Siddhartha is completed wit... ...t the novel imparts a systematic, methodical tone to Siddhartha, and together with the consciously created form unifies the experiences of Siddhartha, permitting a feeling of closure and meditation on the thoughts and ideas presented therein. There is certainly a unique rhythm to Siddhartha which is skillfully communicated both consciously and subconsciously. One can appreciate the conscious craftmanship" of the novel's structure and style, while at the same time allowing the rhythm, feelings, and experiences to sift into one's mind on a deeper, more subconscious level. Works Cited: Farquharson, Robert. An Outline of the Works of Hermann Hesse. London: Forum House Publishing Company, 1973. Hesse, Herman. Siddhartha. Dover Publications, 1998. Mileck, Joseph. Hermann Hesse: Life and Art. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978.   

A letter from Banquo Essay

I write to all of you hoping that this letter will find you in the best of health. As all of you know, in the past few days Scotland was struck with a great misfortune when King Duncan was gruesomely murdered in his sleep while on his visit to Macbeth. And I have reason to believe that Macbeth is the one responsible for King Duncan’s murder because he had the motive and the opportunity to do so. And as I recall our encounter with the three witches when we were returning from the battlefield I realize that the witch’s prophesy to Macbeth, â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! that shalt be king hereafter† [Act1, Scene3,Line54] has embedded in him a desire to rule and be king which was further implanted deeper in him by his wife whose grandfather, Kenneth III was overthrown by King Duncan’s ancestor, Malcolm II, many years ago and was waiting for a chance to avenge her grandfather’s death. But what Macbeth didn’t realize was that he had started to believe what he wanted and did not see the three witches for what they really are. And with each day passing by Macbeth thought more and more of the prophecy that he shall be king until it was the day to name an heir to the throne of Scotland during which King Duncan named Malcolm as the heir. As Macbeth watched I overheard him talking to himself and saying â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland! that is a step on which I must fall down, or else o’er-leap, For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires.† [Act1, Scene4, Lines55-58] which shows that Macbeth was seriously thinking about the throne and the prophecy. It seemed as if greed, ambition and voracity were beginning to take hold of Macbeth. And on the night we escorted King Duncan on his visit to Macbeth’s castle, I  noticed how Macbeth didn’t come out to welcome the King like Lady Macbeth did. Instead he only showed up at dinner time. And after everybody went to their rooms Macbeth came to my room and we agreed to discuss the prophecies at a later time. But I also said to Macbeth, † So I lose none in seeking to augment it, but still keep my bosom franchised and allegiance clear, I shall be counsell’d.† [Act2, Scene1, Lines32-35] hoping that this will stop Macbeth from thinking that I will help him make the prophecy true. Nevertheless what I had feared the most happened on that night; King Duncan was murdered. And as we all came to see what happened I could see a look of fear and guilt in Macbeth’s eyes. I realized that Macbeth had done what he wanted to in order to make the prophecy true. However Macbeth had not only killed his King who praised him for his courage and his valor, he also killed his cousin who was of his own flesh and blood. Indeed! What a true cousin Macbeth is. He was no different from the butcher who kills innocent lambs. All this time he thought that killing King Duncan would make the prophecies true but he never realized that he was deceiving and leading himself into a pit of trouble. None of us could have imagined that the courageous soldier who was loyal to his king could be easily corrupted by the witches’ prophecies. We all knew Macbeth as the soldier who fought for his king without mercy but it appears that his strive for ambition and his insurgent desire made him kill his own king and cousin without mercy. And if any one among you still does not believe that Macbeth is responsible for King Duncan’s murder then think back as to who had the strongest motive to kill the King and who could have done the crime without being suspected easily. It is Macbeth. My fellow Scots I believe that now we should take action against Macbeth for it shall be unjust if we let him go without punishing him for his bloody deed. In the end I hope that you may have found my letter convincing enough and I am certain that all of you will do what is best for Scotland.

The reaction between zinc and copper sulphate Essays

The reaction between zinc and copper sulphate Essays The reaction between zinc and copper sulphate Paper The reaction between zinc and copper sulphate Paper To investigate the affect of varying the amounts of zinc in the reaction between zinc and copper sulphate has on the rate of reaction. Background Knowledge My experiment is based on the theory of: A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from a compound For examplThis type of reaction is known as a single displacement. This is when one element trades places with another element in a compound. The reaction that I will be looking at is zinc-replacing copper. This happens, as zinc is higher in the reactivity series than copper. The equation is shown below important aspect of these experiments is that they are exothermic. An exothermic reaction gives out heat as a source of energy. A reaction that is exothermic uses less energy to break the old bonds than is emitted to create the new bonds therefore heat is given off. The higher the energy given off, the higher the heat will be. The possible independent variables that could be investigated are: i The mass of zinci The pressure of the surrounding atmosphere i The concentration of the copper sulphate i The surface area of the solid reactant, i. e. the zinc i The volume of copper sulphate i The light intensity. The amount of times the solution is stirred The dependent variable that I will be measuring will be the temperature change of the reaction. To do this I will have to measure the initial and final temperature of the reaction. Preliminary experiments I conducted preliminary experiments using 1g of zinc, in order to predict, with greater accuracy, the outcome of my experiments. It showed that the experiment was going to be exothermic, and that the temperature given off increased as the experiment progressed. I also decided that I would only time the experiments for a maximum of ninety seconds each, as this was ample time for the results to be recorded onto a graph. Apparatus To do the experiment I will need the following equipment: Powdered zinc In powdered form as this increases the surface area and gives better results Copper sulphate solution (0. 5M) Measuring cylinder To make sure the volume of copper sulphate is controlled Timer To time the 5-second intervals Weighting scales To accurately measure the amount of zinc Polythene cups polythene, as this is a heat insulating material. Using a different cup for each section of the experiment so that each one is fair. Also using plastic lids to stop any unwanted substances from interfering with the experiment and to stop heat from being easily lost. Thermometer To measure temperature changes from start to intervals to the final temperature. Method During this experiment I will be measuring the temperature given off as I expect the reaction to be exothermic. I will use 25ml of copper sulphate solution and 0. 8125 grams of zinc in each experiment. I manage to work this out using Avogadros theory of moles. First, I had to work out how many moles there are in 25ml of copper sulphate at 0. 5M. We need to convert the ml units into dm units. I therefore divided the 25 into 1000. I timed this answer by how strong the concentration of the copper sulphate was, 0.5M. Consequently, we have the sum (25/1000) x 0. 5= 0. 0125 moles of copper sulphate. We then need to times this number by the atomic weight of zinc, which is 65. 0. 012565 = 0. 8125 grams. This is the amount of zinc needed to disassociate copper in 25ml of copper sulphate solution at 0. 5M. It is important to note that the starting temperature of each experiment will be 25oC. I will record the temperature change in five-second intervals from zero to seventy. I have to make sure that the zinc used is definitely powdered zinc as any strips or lumps of zinc would alter the rate of reaction due the surface area. I will record my results in a table and then convert the data onto a graph. I will do this by plotting temperature against time. By drawing a line of best fit we can interpret the rates of reactions by calculating the gradient. I will repeat my experiment to ensure accurate and fair results. 1. Measure out 25cm3 of 0. 5M copper sulphate solution using the measuring cylinder 2. Pour the copper sulphate into the polystyrene cup 3. Put the thermometer in and wait until the temperature reaches 25oC 4. Using the weighing scales, measure out   grams of zinc. 5. Add the zinc, simultaneously start the timer and put the plastic lid on immediately. 6. Stir the solution using the thermometer as a rod. 7. Record the temperatures at five-second intervals. 8. Repeat experiment for accurate results. Safety There is a possible hazard when carrying out this experiment as the copper sulphate solution or the zinc sulphate solution could be an irritant to the skin therefore contact with the skin should try to be avoided. Goggles must also be worn to protect any harmful substances from entering your eyes. If contact is made with the skin during the experiment you must wash the affected area thoroughly. Prediction I predict that this experiment should be a displacement reaction. Therefore the copper in copper sulphate should be displaced by the zinc to form zinc sulphate and copper. This should occur as zinc is higher in the reactivity series than copper. The reactivity series is as follows: Element Symbol Group Number Potassium K 1 Sodium Na 1 Lithium Li 1 Calcium Ca 2 Magnesium Mg 2 Aluminium Al 3 Carbon C 4 (Non-Metal) Zinc Zn Transition Metal Iron Fe Transition Metal Tin Sn 4 Lead Pb 4 Hydrogen H Non-Metal Copper Cu Transition Metal Silver Ag Transition Metal Gold Au Transition Metal Platinum Pt Transition Metal Most Reactive Least Reactive As I am varying the amounts of zinc, I can predict that the greater the amounts of zinc the faster the rate of reaction. This is because there is more reactant for the copper sulphate to react with. Therefore the temperature should rise in direct proportion the mass of zinc. Heat should be given off so I can predict that the experiment will be exothermic. Conclusion From my experiment I can conclude that it was an exothermic reaction, which shows that my prediction of this was correct. The graphs show that as the reaction time increases, the more the reactants give off heat energy. The lines of best fit highlight an error in my prediction as I predicted that the greater the amounts of zinc the faster the rate of reaction. From the gradients of the lines of best fit we can see that this is untrue. In both experiments the 1. 11g of zinc does not have the fastest rate of reaction and the temperature does not rise as high as 1. 01, 0. 91 or 0. 81 grams of zinc. I also predicted that the mass of zinc would rise in direct proportion to the temperature. We can see that this prediction is not true as then you would expect the temperature to almost double from 0. 41 to 0. 81 and from 0. 51 to 1. 01, which does not happen. Evaluation In general my experiment has been a success as it has produced fairly accurate results. The reason for the experiment not following the exactly correct pattern could be: Not all the zinc reacted with the copper. Some heat might have escaped from the open cup. There could have been errors in the reading. The stirring could not have been thorough and consistent. These results can be further improved by: Using a more insulating lid to prevent heat loss. Using more accurate and sensitive scales. Using a pipette or burette instead of a measuring cylinder will increase the accuracy of the measuring of the copper sulphate. I could improve my results to my experiment if: More repetitions of the experiment were done. This would provide more results and add to the evidence for the experiment and also increase accuracy. The experiment was tried with different metals, ones that are at different levels in the reactivity series. This would be done to see how the use of different reactions change the temperature and energy changes and if the theory still works with different metals. Also, using salts with a metal lower in the reactivity series than the base can show whether distance in the reactivity series affects the energy change. Different concentrations of the copper sulphate were used. This can also show the difference between the temperature and energy changes. Data logging could be used so that there is now chance in human error in the experiment. Results Repeats in bold Amounts of Zinc (g) Starting Temperature (oC) End Temperature (oC) Temperature Change (oC) Average Temperature Change .

Definition and Examples of Linking Verbs

Definition and Examples of Linking Verbs A linking verb is a traditional term for a type of  verb  (such as a form of be or seem) that joins the subject of a sentence to a word or phrase that  tells something about the subject. For example, is  functions as a linking verb in the sentence The boss is  unhappy. The word or phrase that follows the linking verb (in our example, unhappy)  is called a subject  complement.  The subject complement that follows a linking verb is usually an adjective (or  adjective phrase), a noun (or  noun phrase) or a pronoun. Linking verbs (in contrast to action verbs) relate either to a state of being (be, become, seem, remain, appear) or to the senses (look, hear, feel, taste, smell).   In contemporary linguistics, linking verbs are usually called copulas,  or copular verbs. Examples and Observations of Linking Verbs The Grinch is grumpy.In the movie How the Grinch Stole Christmas, the mayor of Whoville is  Augustus Maywho.In the book Horton Hears a Who!, Ned McDodd is the mayor of Whoville.This lemonade tastes sour, but the cookies smell delicious.Beth felt bad and wanted to go home.Tom felt Beths forehead and then he became upset.Though she appeared calm, Naomi was  extremely happy about her promotion.How often have I said to you that when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth? (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Sign of Four, 1890)If your daily life seems poor, do not blame it; blame yourself. Tell yourself that you are not poet enough to call forth its riches. (Rainer Maria Rilke)If any word is improper at the end of a sentence, a linking verb is. (William Safire,  How Not to Write: The Essential Misrules of Grammar. W.W. Norton, 2005)I became a feminist as an alternative to becoming a masochist. (Sally Kempton) Two Tests for Linking Verbs A good trick to determine if a verb is  a linking verb is  to substitute the word seems for the verb. If the sentence still makes sense, the verb is a linking verb. The food looked spoiled.The food seemed spoiled. Seemed works, so looked is a linking verb in the sentence above. I looked at the dark clouds.I seemed at the dark clouds. Seemed doesnt work, so looked is not a linking verb in the sentence above. Verbs dealing with the senses (such as looks, smells, feels, tastes  and sounds) can also be linking verbs. A good way to tell if one of these verbs is used as a linking verb is to substitute a form of be for the verb: If the sentence retains the same meaning, the verb is a linking verb. For example, look at the way feels, looks  and tastes are used in the following sentences. Jane feels (is) sick.That color looks (is) awful on you.The casserole tastes (is) terrible. (Barbara Goldstein, Jack Waugh and Karen Linsky,  Grammar to Go: How It Works and How To Use It, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, Cengage, 2010) Two Types of Linking Verbs These copular verbs (also linking verbs) can be divided semantically into two types: (1) those like be that refer to a current state: appear, feel, remain, seem, sound; and  (2) those that indicate a result of some kind: become, get (wet); go (bad); grow (old); turn (nasty). Be is the copula that most often takes adverbial complements that characterize or identify the subject: I felt cold; I felt a fool. (Sylvia Chalker, Copula, in The Oxford Companion to the English Language, edited by Tom McArthur. Oxford University Press, 1992) Using Linking Verbs With Complements for Emphasis Like the be  pattern, linking verbs may take nouns as complements. Some of the linking verbs have a little more acute verbal action than the be  equations: Everything became a mist.(C.S. Lewis, That Hideous Strength, 380) He became a castaway in broad daylight.(William Golding, Pincher Martin, 56) A simple syntactic structurea linking verb with a noun and two adjectiveshere makes an urgent point: War remains the decisive human failure.(John Kenneth Galbraith, The Economics of Innocent Fraud, 62) As predicate complements, adjectives that follow linking verbs often carry the new information and draw the stress. Argument remains inescapable.(Julie Thompson Klein, Crossing Boundaries, 211) She looked new and fresh.(Carolyn See, The Handyman, 173) In these linking examples, the major emphasis tends to fall on the predicate complement or, sometimes, whatever word or structure is at the end of the sentence. (Virginia Tufte, Artful Sentences: Syntax as Style. Graphics Press, 2006)

Guide to Writing Argumentative Essays in Shakespeare Studies All You Need

Guide to Writing Argumentative Essays in Shakespeare Studies All You Need What is an Argumentative Essay in Shakespeare Studies? To start with, an argumentative essay is a piece of writing in which you ought to state and support your opinion of a specific issue. In fact, problems are rarely one-dimensional, so it is essential to consider different sides of it. In turn, since your position should be extremely specific, you should make one side of the issue more forceful than the others. Similarly, an argumentative essay in Shakespeare studies follows the academic tradition of argumentative essays with only one exception – the issue under discussion must concern works of William Shakespeare. Choosing a Topic for Argumentative Essay in Shakespeare Studies Argumentative essays are considered to be above the average difficulty of academic writings since they require profound research and knowledge of persuasive techniques. Topics of argumentative essays are often straight to the point, signifying that the author is convinced in veracity of his or her claims. Keep in mind, however, that it is not recommended to choose topics that you are passionate about since it might blur your objectiveness and thus undermine the credibility of the research. Besides, the focus of your essay should correspond to the opinion of the majority of people so that you have to deal only with the minority. The following topics might guide you when you decide to begin your argumentative essay in Shakespeare studies: William Shakespeare is a Revolutionary Figure in Literature; Did a Person Named William Shakespeare Actually Exist? William Shakespeare’s Plays Depict the Roots of a Modern Feminist Woman; Gender Roles are Significant for the Development of the Plot in ‘King Lear’; Hamlet Was Never in Love with Ophelia; William Shakespeare is a Credible Source of the History of the 16th Century Society. Pre-Writing Tips Choosing a topic is the first tough challenge of writing. Although sometimes the instructor’s requirements may limit your space for creativity, it is often better to ask your teacher for guidance. Similarly, you can search for clues online, reviewing forums for present-day debates, or analyzing academic journals in order to find issues you are concerned about. Not only will it help you to choose a particular topic, but it might also lead to finding authoritative sources to support your claim. As a matter of fact, argumentative essays in Shakespeare studies should always be backed up with scholarly sources. Besides, although academic writing often demands up-to-date references, when writing an essay in Shakespeare studies, you can use older sources if you consider them to be of more considerable theoretical significance or if the issues discussed in them are still not resolved. Nevertheless, even after knowing your subject of research, you might be stuck on a blank page for an extended period, thinking that your first word or sentence must be perfect. In order to avoid such a problematic situation, it is always helpful to create a short outline that ought to guide you through the writing process. In this manner, write a sentence or set of words for each section, including introduction phrase, thesis statement, body paragraphs, refutation paragraphs, and concluding statement. In fact, sometimes it is helpful to write only thesis statement since it already includes all of the crucial aspects of your future essay. In case it is hard for you to organize your ideas into a smooth sequence, you should better revise the structure of the argumentative essay. Structure of an Argumentative Essay The structure of an argumentative essay in Shakespeare studies reflects a typical form of an academic essay, except the fact that it should also include one or more refutation paragraphs. Thus, it should start from an introduction, followed by several body and refutation paragraphs, and a conclusion section. The number of body paragraphs may vary according to the size limits of your paper. For instance, if you write a two-page essay, it is better to include three body paragraphs (of at least a hundred words each), which discuss three different aspects of the topic, and one refutation section. In turn, if you are writing a paper of five and more pages, it is better to create more body sections to discuss all essential aspects of your argumentation. Introduction The first paragraph of your argumentative essay is an introduction, and here you are supposed to inform readers about what is going to be discussed and advocated in this paper. The first sentence is usually purely introduction, which means that it should not include any specific information, but, instead, make some general statement. For instance, if you are writing an essay on the issue of gender roles and femininity depicted in Shakespeare’s play, you can mention that this playwright is famous for creating deep female personalities, which was usual to those times. In this manner, your statement resonates with the mind and knowledge of your readers, pushing them to discover more about this topic. Then, say what particular works of Shakespeare resembles the topic under discussion in the most vivid manner. Keep in mind that any argumentative essay in Shakespeare studies should be based on and supported with the extractions from the original works of the playwright. Finally, the last part of your introduction section is a thesis statement. In fact, the thesis sentence plays a crucial role not only for the introduction but also for the whole paper since it is supposed to guide readers throughout the essay. This statement should outline all the key moments of your argumentation. Again, if you are writing an essay of more than five pages, you may divide your thesis into two sentences in order to cover every point and to promote the readability of the statement. Here are examples of a correct thesis statement, which makes an argument and outlines the paper, and an incorrect one: Incorrect: ‘William Shakespeare is the Revolutionary Figure in Literature since he is a world-renowned playwright.’ This thesis statement is not specific enough since it does not tell anything about Shakespeare or your paper. In turn, the correct variant should look like this: ‘William Shakespeare is the revolutionary figure in literature since he made a significant contribution to modern English language, his plays gave inspiration for a variety of playwrights, and the depth of his characters’ individualities put a basis for a character development technique for the generations of writers.’ As you see, this thesis statement not only vividly shows your stand, which says that ‘William Shakespeare is the revolutionary figure in literature,’ but also presents supporting details that ought to make your argument convincing. Besides, it also shows the structure of the essay, where the first body paragraph discusses Shakespeare’s ‘contribution to modern English language,’ the second advocates that ‘his plays gave inspiration for a variety of playwrights,’ and the last paragraph analyzes ‘depth of his characters’ individualities’ and how it ‘put a basis for a character development technique for the generations of writers.’ Body Section Each body paragraph of your essay should start from a topic sentence. This sentence reflects the idea of the whole paragraph and corresponds to the sequence of arguments presented in your thesis statement. Then, it is necessary to support this idea with some pieces of evidence that you can find both in the original text and scholarly sources. Keep in mind, however, that when you are writing an essay in Shakespeare studies, it is crucial to make extractions and references from the original plays, thus showing that you are not only restating other’s opinions but are also eligible to make an analysis of a text by yourself. In point of fact, when writing an argumentative essay, it is necessary to follow the ‘sandwich’ structure of quotes. This approach implies that you have to make an opening that presents your focus and idea. Then, you incorporate a quote that supports this particular idea and provides an explanation concerning the meaning of the reference. In this manner, you not only make your argument evident but also show that your understanding of the topic is profound. Finally, try to use at least two references in a paragraph to make the text look credible. For instance, you can extract one reference from Shakespeare play and the other one from scholarly literature. The body section of your argumentative essay should end up with a refutation paragraph or paragraphs. In this section, you have to assume that your position is incorrect and write something that corresponds to the opinion of an opposition, which, in turn, opens the lines of communication. For instance, if your paper is based on the argumentation that Hamlet never really loved Ophelia, then you have to find evidence from the text where you seem to be incorrect. You can say, for example, that the character was greatly affected by her death, which might mean that he had strong feelings to her. Basically, you have to intentionally undermine the credibility and very purpose of your essay. At the same time, however, you must know how to respond to this opposing view and how to refute it. Thus, you may say that although Hamlet was affected by Ophelia’s death, it is likely that the character felt guilty for what he did and blamed himself. Thus, since he always shifts the focus on hims elf, the feeling of guilt raised due to his selfishness rather than from love to Ophelia. Therefore, refutation section allows you to become an objective researcher in the eyes of the audience since it shows that you can see both sides of the coin, which, in turn, makes your argumentative essay convincing. Conclusion The conclusion section is the last part of your argumentation essay, which signifies that you succeed in claiming your position. Keep in mind that there should not be any new information here, so if you think that your text is not persuasive enough, then you should better improve your body section first. Nevertheless, the conclusion paragraph always starts from a concluding phrase and the restatement of the thesis. Then, summarize all the ideas that you have discussed in the body paragraphs and go over the refutation part to strengthen readers’ understanding. Besides, at the end of the concluding paragraph, you can mention that although the topic was by the most part covered in your essay, there is still a space for improvement and further research. Post-Writing Tips Never forget that when you finished writing your essay, it is still only a draft and needs a lot of improvements. For instance, the writing process requires a significant amount of concentration on what is necessary to say and in what manner it should be expressed, so often writers pay more attention to the quality of their thought than the text itself. Therefore, one can rarely write a paper that is free of grammatical mistakes. In this manner, you should take your time to carefully reread the whole paper several times, finding possibly misspell or punctuation errors, misplaced modifiers, or tense verb mistakes. Besides, when looking through the paper, consider whether your paragraphs and ideas are organized in a coherent flow. Using transition words, like ‘furthermore, similarly, for instance’, you can make your paper look like a smooth sequence of claims and then, ask yourself whether your argumentation is logical and whether it is convincing enough. Although it is always a room for improvement, try to focus only on critical issues, avoiding to do the unnecessary rewriting. Last but not least, revise all the in-text citation and the reference page. For instance, writers tend to insert a quote from a source and forget to refer to its original. In academic writing, it is considered to be a plagiarism and can significantly decrease your chances to achieve good results. Besides, check if the rules of the required formatting style are followed since instructors usually pay much attention to this issue and will lower the mark. If you are not sure whether you remember the rules accurately, you can revise them on the OWL Purdue web page, where the latest updates are published. â€Æ' References Argumentative Essays. (n.d.). Owl Purdue. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/essay_writing/argumentative_essays.html Fleming, Grace. (2019, May 20). Tips on How to Write an Argumentative Essay. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/write-an-argument-essay-1856986 Kearney, Virginia. (2019, April 10). How to Write an Argumentative Essay Step by Step. Owlcation. Retrieved from https://owlcation.com/academia/How-to-Write-an-Argument-Essay Shakespeare Studies is Not Only About Visiting Performances. (n.d.). Ozzz. Retrieved from https://ozzz.org/shakespeare-studies/ Wendy, Ikemoto. (2018, March 15). What is an Argumentative Essay?. BibMe. Retrieved from bibme.org/blog/updates/what-is-an-argumentative-essay/

Out of Hart, Dworkin and Altman, who provided the best understanding Essay

Out of Hart, Dworkin and Altman, who provided the best understanding of judicial discretion What implication do their position have for the legitimacy of judic - Essay Example After Roper says he would cut down every law in England that kept him from pursuing and capturing the Devil, More answers: Oh And when the last law was down, and the Devil turned 'round on you, where would you hide, Roper, the laws all being flat This country is planted thick with laws, from coast to coast, Man's laws, not God's! And if you cut them down, and you're just the man to do it, do you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then Yes, I'd give the Devil benefit of law, for my own safety's sake! (Bolt 46) In other words, from More's perspective, the protections that the law affords everyone are worth the protections that the law offers the accused, no matter how obvious his or her guilt may seem. More clearly advocates a fairly literal application of the law and would frown on a great deal of legislation from judicial benches. More, of course, lived four centuries ago. Legal philosophy has changed a great deal since then. One movement that has been particularly influential in the past century has been the advent of legal positivism. This idea asserts a fundamental difference between law and morality. By extension, this idea suggests that there is room for judges to act as social activists, and use rulings to ameliorate the damage that the gaps between the laws as they stand and the ethics of particular situations can wreak. H.L.A. Hart, Ronald Dworkin, and Alfred Altman all have perspectives on the proper role of judicial activism and discretion. Dworkin and Hart come in on basically opposite sides of the argument. While Dworkin views the law as a system that always provides a correct answer, through his Theory of Adjudication (Gaffrey 22), Hart asserts that laws themselves are "open-textured" and that there is room for judges to use discretion to plug the gaps between legal rules and morals (Bix 52). Altman takes a middle view based on his idea of "truncation," which basically refers to a judge knowing when to apply the law to its most literal extent, and when to abridge its extension (Altman 5). Given the liberal ideals of the modern rule of law in the United Kingdom, it would seem that this middle way provides the most room for compromises in cases where compromises are clearly needed, without permitting judges to become too activist in their rulings. Hart's concept of legal positivism divides the law into two categories: primary, or duty-imposing, rules, and secondary, or power-imposing rules. Primary rules confer rights or set obligations: criminal law is made up of only primary rules, for example. Secondary rules dictate the ways in which primary rules are made and enforced. An example would be the rules that dictate the makeup of Parliament, and the rules governing the enactment of acts in Parliament (Bix 51). One of the most crucial elements of Hart's theory is the "open texture theory." Hart uses the term "open texture" to mean that there are some situations in which judges should apply discretion when there is a case that may be said to fall outside existing rule of law. He supports this assertion with three reasons. First, language itself, which comprises laws, contains many loopholes, just by virtue of its very nature. While words in a legal rule may well

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The legal and ethical issues surrounding Solyndra - Essay Example Obama administration was doing everything possible to encourage renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources such as solar energy. It is believed that solar energy will replace all conventional energy sources in future because of its potential to provide green energy or clean energy. Obama administration does not want to see the closure of energy companies, especially the energy companies dealing with solar energy. Therefore, Obama administration has recently sanctioned a half-billion dollar loan to the failing solar energy company Solyndra. Many people believe that the decision to support a company like Solyndra is illegal and unethical. The concerns of the ordinary people related to the $535 million financial aid to Solyndra was proved to be right after the collapse of the company in 2011. The collapse of Solyndra has left the taxpayers liable for all $535 million (Solyndra, the White House, and the Most Dangerous Conflict of Interest of  All, 2011). The Solyndra scandal is a perfect example to prove that politically motivated illogical decisions may cause immense harm to the taxpayers or ordinary people. This paper analyses the legal and ethical issues involved in the decision of Obama administration to support Solyndra. Solyndra accuses Chinese companies for its failure to prosper in American market. The company believes that the governmental policies are not good enough to counter the challenges from foreign companies in the solar energy market. Solyndra argues that Chinese companies or solar panel makers are conspired to fix prices and flood the U.S. market with solar panels at below-cost prices forcing it out of business. Solyndra has already filed a1.5 billion lawsuit against Chinese companies (Bathon, 2012). It is a fact that Chinese made products are cheaper than products manufactured in other countries such as America. In China, manpower cost is extremely less compared to that in America. Therefore, Chinese companies can sell

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Analytical Reseach on IDS systems SNORT Vs Bro - Research Paper Example Intrusion detection can be carried out automatically as well as manually (Sundaram, 1996). At the present, there exist a large number of intrusion detection systems (IDS). Some intrusion detection systems are available in the open source environment, which make it easier for the organizations to adopt them according to their needs. The basic objective of this research is to provide an analysis of two open source intrusion detection systems: Snort and Bro. The structure of this paper is as follows: first of all an overview of the intrusion detection system is provided, next two sections present an overview of the two IDS systems and after that a comparison of these two IDSs is presented. Basically, an intrusion detection system is an application or device utilized to scrutinize the entire network traffic and notify the administrator or user when there has been an illegal effort or access. There are two major techniques of network traffic monitoring, one is anomaly-based and other is signature-based. Relying on the application or device utilized the intrusion detection system that would be able to either simply observe the administrator or user or it could be placed up to automatically respond in some way or block specific traffic (Bradley, 2015). In this scenario, anomaly based detection in the IDS that compares present network traffic to a known-good baseline to appear for something out of the normal. The intrusion detection system can be placed deliberately on the communication network as a network based intrusion detection or NIDS. This NIDS scrutinizes the entire communication network traffic. It can be installed on every individual communication system like a h ost-based intrusion detection or HIDS that scrutinizes traffic to as well as from that specific device (Bradley, 2015). Martin Roesch developed a NIDS (network intrusion detection system), which is mainly an open source NIDS, and called as Snort. It is basically a packet sniffer, which is

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Values of a servant leader - Essay Example According to Myra, (1999), the term servant leader is used to describe ones power and authority to serve others through leadership. A nursing director is mandated to guide his or her followers by initiating and sustaining a relationship that support others in their work place and the environment (Savage-Austin, & Honeycutt, 2011). Servant leadership theory is practically a philosophy which explains the support of people that choose to serve first. It also encourages collaboration, trust, listening, and use of ethical power and empowerment. This theory explains the role of a servant leader and emphasizes on their duty to serve his or her followers, thus have desire to serve and this goes beyond desire to lead. Leadership is the art of the conduct and the person in any given organization. When persons are said to possess good or bad leadership qualities, it all depends on the way they carry themselves. According to Savage-Austin, & Honeycutt, (2011), great leadership works through emotions. However, it depends on whether these emotions are positive or negative. Positive emotions bring out the best outcomes from a leader. In this case, much of what a nursing director does when he or she is optimistic, can highly yield positive returns. On the other hand, when the director is negative about what he does, then, this leads to dissonance. Many people try to become leaders but they eventually fail. Those who succeed usually practice leadership strategies that are effective for them to be able to meet their desired goals or targets. One of the character traits of an effective leader is talent (Savage-Austin, & Honeycutt, 2011). Many people say that leaders are born with the talent but for them to be successful, they must gain experience through practice. It is apparent that most of the renowned and successful directors worldwide are very qualified

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PID assignm - Assignment Example Firstly, there has been a great need to increase the performance of appliances and this can be achieved using the fractional PID controllers. If all the control specifications such as set points, rejection of load disturbances, rejection of noise and the control effort are considered, the PID controllers fully can characterize the performance of the appliances. Another reason for this occurrence is that PID controllers offer simplified, effective and robust tuning rules especially in instances where different control tasks are required. Thirdly, PID controllers also offer additional functionalities such as setting the point weighting, anti-wind up functionalities, feed forward functions which are well established in standardized controllers. However, the fractional PID controllers have not yet implemented this functionality. Another reason for the widespread use of PID controllers is that they usually offer a good compromise between the complexity and performance of the system. They ensure that high performance is maintained while at the same time moderating the complexity of the system. Finally, the PID controllers are based on models in order to predict the output of the process and also use reference trajectories in order to determine the desired output. These conceptual models make it possible to interact with the systems. In industrial temperature control, PID controllers are used to provide a quick and accurate control of temperature in industrial plants. A sensor with a simple logic controller is used to create the system. Independent control loops are used to control the cooling and the heating while an auto tuning software is used to speed up the design. Thermocouples may be used to give the feedback (Kiam et al, 2005). In industrial Flow control, PID controllers are used in the control of flow, parameters of fluids dynamics such as

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Values of a servant leader - Essay Example According to Myra, (1999), the term servant leader is used to describe ones power and authority to serve others through leadership. A nursing director is mandated to guide his or her followers by initiating and sustaining a relationship that support others in their work place and the environment (Savage-Austin, & Honeycutt, 2011). Servant leadership theory is practically a philosophy which explains the support of people that choose to serve first. It also encourages collaboration, trust, listening, and use of ethical power and empowerment. This theory explains the role of a servant leader and emphasizes on their duty to serve his or her followers, thus have desire to serve and this goes beyond desire to lead. Leadership is the art of the conduct and the person in any given organization. When persons are said to possess good or bad leadership qualities, it all depends on the way they carry themselves. According to Savage-Austin, & Honeycutt, (2011), great leadership works through emotions. However, it depends on whether these emotions are positive or negative. Positive emotions bring out the best outcomes from a leader. In this case, much of what a nursing director does when he or she is optimistic, can highly yield positive returns. On the other hand, when the director is negative about what he does, then, this leads to dissonance. Many people try to become leaders but they eventually fail. Those who succeed usually practice leadership strategies that are effective for them to be able to meet their desired goals or targets. One of the character traits of an effective leader is talent (Savage-Austin, & Honeycutt, 2011). Many people say that leaders are born with the talent but for them to be successful, they must gain experience through practice. It is apparent that most of the renowned and successful directors worldwide are very qualified

PID assignm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

PID assignm - Assignment Example Firstly, there has been a great need to increase the performance of appliances and this can be achieved using the fractional PID controllers. If all the control specifications such as set points, rejection of load disturbances, rejection of noise and the control effort are considered, the PID controllers fully can characterize the performance of the appliances. Another reason for this occurrence is that PID controllers offer simplified, effective and robust tuning rules especially in instances where different control tasks are required. Thirdly, PID controllers also offer additional functionalities such as setting the point weighting, anti-wind up functionalities, feed forward functions which are well established in standardized controllers. However, the fractional PID controllers have not yet implemented this functionality. Another reason for the widespread use of PID controllers is that they usually offer a good compromise between the complexity and performance of the system. They ensure that high performance is maintained while at the same time moderating the complexity of the system. Finally, the PID controllers are based on models in order to predict the output of the process and also use reference trajectories in order to determine the desired output. These conceptual models make it possible to interact with the systems. In industrial temperature control, PID controllers are used to provide a quick and accurate control of temperature in industrial plants. A sensor with a simple logic controller is used to create the system. Independent control loops are used to control the cooling and the heating while an auto tuning software is used to speed up the design. Thermocouples may be used to give the feedback (Kiam et al, 2005). In industrial Flow control, PID controllers are used in the control of flow, parameters of fluids dynamics such as

The Truth Behind Hitler’s “Mein Kampf” Essay Example for Free

The Truth Behind Hitler’s â€Å"Mein Kampf† Essay Have you ever wonder what is the driving force behind the killing of million of Jews in the regime of Hitler? The idea or the concept behind it came from a deeper belief that was supported by the history. â€Å"Mein Kampf†, which means â€Å"My Struggle†, is an original work of Hitler where his autobiography and his ideologies about life specifically its relation to politics were discussed. This book is particularly about the childhood days of Hitler in Nazi, his future plans in Germany and the struggle for conquering the world in the sense that it would affect the political science and the different human cultures of the world. The existence of the dominating mind was based in the concept of Aryanism which is considered by Hitler as the supreme form of culture. He was stating that the master race of all human culture is a Germanic man who has the physical appearance of fair skin, blond hair and blue eyes. Through this idea, he divided human to types and he established orders which can be classified into a higher or lower form. It also sets boundary that made the Northern Europeans exclusive. This principle was based on the idea that the Aryans are the only ones who can lead the world. Their place was considered as living space and these will lead in accordance to Hitler’s plan. Like the country Russia, Hitler planned that it would be the place for the source of food for the Northern Europeans. To support his principle, he cited that like the British Empire, who conquered the quarter of the world, he would plan and organize the domination for the supremacy among the others. These are some ideas which Hitler espoused in the book. Considering the concept of cultural organization, it sounds irrational for the thinking of other diplomats. It is the racism that it became very exclusive to their race. The subordinates were established because Hitler believed that it would be an advantage for the others to be subjugated because others will come in contact with the supreme ones and will be given or will be shared with what the Aryans have. Hitler also compared the other races like the Slavic and Jews people as the Untermenschen who are racially inferior. He assigned this idea to Jews because he believed that the Jews are related into conspiracy. Hitler uses a lot of descriptions to the cultural form of the Jews as the unscrupulous and the parasites and not only the Jews but also the Czechs, Russians and the Poles. This was supported by his idea that the Aryans are culturally superior. The culture of the Aryanism as part of the struggle for domination is believed to be the outcome of the high level of arts and sciences and technology of the German people. Hitler believed that the Jews are the ones who manipulated the press and control the world finances, utilizing culture to scatter chaos to other cultures and inventing a liberal form of government like the democratic form. The political battle between the Aryans and the Jews are continued in many years. Even in the military aspect of Germany, the Aryanism was applied. This was strengthened when Germany was defeated in the World War I by France that made France as Germany’s major aim to be conquered. This Nazism became one of the foundations in arranging the ways on how the society should work as planned by Hitler. The invasion was then regarded as part of the schemes of Aryanism to established their race as the supreme ones. This would be their concrete example of being the highest form. The differences between the Aryanism, as related to Nazism as a form of government, and the Jews concept of what should be the human culture, were showed in their endless cultural battle to dominate the world. Like the concept of white supremacy, it can lead to a very threatening tone to other races. Today, the different principles about the way on how should the culture adapt to a new one could be a threat to the original culture. Hitler’s idea and his plans about being the supreme is a big threat to the constructive forms of government. This can be based on the concept of ethnocentrism where that race considers their selves as the center and the most knowledgeable among others. To sum this up, â€Å"Mein Kampf† gives the idea of being the supreme like in the form of dictatorship where only one could lead and should be followed. WORK CITED â€Å"Mein Kampf†. July. 1925. http://www. historyplace. com/worldwar2/timeline/kampf2. htm

Evolution Of Defence Industry In India History Essay

Evolution Of Defence Industry In India History Essay 12. The history of DIB in India dates back to 1775 when British authorities accepted setting up of Board of Ordnance in Fort William, Kolkata. This was the official beginning of the Army Ordnance in India. In 1787 a gun powder factory was established at Ishapore which started production from 1791  [1]  . However, the first ordnance factory, Gun Shell factory was established at Cossipore in 1801 to manufacture guns and ammunition.  [2]  Since then the DIB in British ruled India grew to 7 Ordnance Factories (OFs) by the end of WWI and 18 OFs at the time of independence1, generally catering to repair overhaul and supplementing weapons and equipment produced in Britain. During this period India was never allowed to develop core competencies in industrial production. Post Independence up to 1960s 13. Post independence the Indian leadership aimed at attaining self-sufficiency in entire domain of defence production. To achieve this Industry Policy Resolution 1948 and The Industries (Development Regulation) Act, 1951  [3]  emphasized core industries (including defence sector) be taken care of by central government. Hence, eight Defence Public Sector Units (DPSUs) were established under aegis of Government, to undertake defence production. Defence Science Organisation(DSO), which was established to take up challenges of RD, got amalgamated with technical development establishment (TDE) in 1958. Hence, DRDO was created which then comprised of 10 laboratories  [4]  . Post 1962 War 14. Post 1962 war license production and direct purchase remained predominant form of supply for armed forces. This resulted in a gap of nearly three decades in Indias effort toward indigenous production which was especially evident in the fields of RD. A fighter aircraft between Marut and the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), a basic trainer aircraft between HT-2 and HPT- 32, an intermediate trainer between Kiran and yet-to-be fully developed Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) are some of the examples that typify both technology and production gaps  [5]  . Trends in 1980s and 1990s 15. During this period Global defence expenditure touched its peak in 1987 and then fell sharply in late 1980s and early 1990s. This period also saw globalization with countries opening up their economies, rise in low intensity conflicts, lawlessness, crimes and terrorism. This period was the starting point of major defence acquisitions from abroad coupled with major initiatives in indigenous defence production, including RD. The license production of Jaguars and MiG-27M was undertaken by HAL  [6]  . This period also saw commencement of indigenous development of LCA, ALH, MBT Arjun by DRDO and missiles under Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL). However, fructification of these projects was accompanied by inordinate delays and technological gaps. 16. With nothing forthcoming from indigenous RD, the mainstay of armed forces was met through substantial arms acquisition from abroad. With the change in environment after nuclear explosions by India and Pakistan and the Kargil conflict, the country had to give a re-look to its defence strategy including its objective of achieving self-reliance in defence industry. Defence Industry in 21st Century 17. The importance of civil military interaction to attain near self-reliance in defence production was realized and this period saw changes at institutional and organizational levels as recommended by GoM Committee Report on Reforming the National Security System. The major shift in policy was allowing 100% private sector participation and 26% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in defence-industrial sector  [7]  . Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) has been instrumental in influencing such a marked change in policy. While these far-reaching institutional and policy-oriented changes have been underway for quite some time, the demand for private participation has assumed significance in recent years. Trends in Global Defence Industry 18. Cold War era saw an upward trend in military demand followed by a reverse trend in post cold war era. Reduction in defence budget allocation  [8]  in the post cold war period, as shown in Table 1 resulted in many smaller companies either merging with big ones or shifting towards civilian production. Mergers and acquisitions resulted in creation of few giant companies like Boeing, Lockheed Martin, British Aerospace, Northrop Grumman and EADS. As shown in Table, the military expenditure again witnessed upward trend since 1999 and this is likely to continue in future  [9]  . With procurement budgets increasing new opportunities are expected for the defence industry. In the changing conflict scenario, there has been an upward trend in the LIC, insurgency, terrorism, OOAC etc as a result of which the global defence industry after a period of significant downsizing and rationalization has entered into a phase of renewed attention. Table 1: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI): Military Expenditure Database in GDP 1988 2009. Indias Defence Industry. 19. Post Cold War era, changing trends in global defence industry had affected Indian DIB. Economic liberalization has resulted in indigenous build-up of technological base in IT, communication, electronics, automobile sectors etc. Since, all defence acquisitions till mid 90s were either outright or under license production/TOT, DPSUs/OFs could only gain expertise in production by assembling Completely knock Down (CKD) and/or Semi knock Down (SKD) Kits imported from the Original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The real TOT aimed at enhancing the indigenous development was missing in all these deals. However, the most far reaching change, in recent times, that has impacted the Indias DIB is opening up of defence sector for private participation. The objectives are manifold viz., reduction of defence imports from current levels of 70 percent, increase in defence exports, enhance the indigenous RD skill level and infrastructure to produce state of the art equipment within time frames spec ified. In Jan 2001, the GOI initiated a series of major initiatives that included FDI up to about 26 percent and full private participation in certain sectors in defence industry. However, licensing requirement was still an impediment towards luring private industries. Shift from Self Sufficiency to Self-Reliance 20. Since independence Indias Industry Policy Resolution of 1948 and 1951 was aimed at achieving self sufficiency in defence production. Towards this the government invested heavily in scientific and technological institutions such as IITs, CSIR, ICAR, DAE, DoS, ICMR, DRDO etc. However, the countrys defence was neglected, as was evident in 1962 war. With a weak DIB, the policies to maximize production in order to attain self-sufficiency in defence sector although were considered farsighted, did not match expectations, thus leading to shift of focus from self-sufficiency model to self reliance model. 21. Self-reliance in its true sense does not preclude accessing external sources for technology and systems, or external help in any stage of the production cycle. Hence, self-reliance meant apart from Indias own production base for support a degree of dependence on reliable foreign sources for access to technologies, supply of components and complete systems was desirable. These were materialized by meeting urgent and immediate demands through imports form abroad while simultaneously striving for indigenous capabilities in defence production. Although Indias main focus on imports was from western countries like UK, France, Sweden these countries were reluctant in supplying defence equipment to India post 1962 war. Indias quest for self reliance got a major boost when Russia agreed for licence production by various DPSUs as well as OFs in India. However, in the bargain TOT aimed at enhancing indigenous production and RD activities lost focus. The outcome of this is obvious, as witn essed in the LCA program, MBT Arjun and aero engine Kaveri. In spite of having produced aircraft, tanks and aero engines under Licence Production, the organizations involved in the production could hardly assimilate and nurture the technology needed to supplement our own indigenous efforts. Probably the focus of these organizations was more towards production rather than indigenization. Analysis 22. Thus, the approach that India adopted in defence procurement and defence industrial development can be divided into three stages. The first stage was from independence till 1962 when all defence needs were met from overseas procurement. The second stage was from 1962 till mid-1980s when efforts were made to build domestic production through licence production. The third stage from mid-1980s until the present day not only saw procurement from Russia and France, but also initiation of a number of indigenous RD projects. 23. Prior to independence, the focus of DIB was primarily aimed at supplementing the equipment produced in Britain. Various committees such as the Chatfield committee in 1938, Roger Mission, the Eastern Group 1940 and the Grady Mission 1942 were formed to look into issues relating to Indias defence production  [10]  . The Grady Mission could not find a single person or department with whom they could discuss issues pertaining to defence production in India. Hence, the mis-management of the defence production in India dates back from colonial era and the heritage continues even today with the defence RD and production sector still being neglected by the bureaucracy and the political giants. 24. Globally, Military technology has grown from the era of vacuum tube and electromechanical systems of early 19th century to miniaturized electronics and software driven sophisticated systems. Till the cold war era, Military Doctrine drove technology. However, in the fast-changing technological world, technology is driving military doctrines. NOTES AND REFERENCES

Hamlet: Nature of Truth Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet:   Nature of Truth Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To some, truth is something that is absolute and unchanging. To others, truth is volatile and inconstant. In the 16th and 17th century, the foundations of civilization itself had been shaken. Many of the ideas which were thought to be absolutely true had been plunged into the depths of uncertainty. The cosmological, geographical, and religious revolutions called into question the nature of truth itself. It is no wonder, then, that some of the great writers at the time included within their works a treatise on the ways in which truth is constructed. Because of the major ideological revolutions that shaped his world Shakespeare used characters and theatrical devices to create their own ideas on the construction of truth. Shakespeare agrees that each individual must search for his or her conception of the truth, based upon our his or her current knowledge, but he uses the limitations of the stage itself to demonstrate this idea. When Ophelia dies at the end of Act IV, Gertrude gives Laertes a vivid description of Ophelia's death, but this death is never acted on stage. We never know for sure whether Gertrude is telling the truth, and if she was a witness to the death, why she didn't try to save Ophelia. The fact that we only hear about the death calls into question the validity of the transmission of knowledge from one person to another, suggesting that truth itself is not something that one will always learn from another, but something that one must find by oneself. Shakespeare further complicates the truth in Hamlet with the many unanswered questions he leaves us with. We don't know for sure if the ghost is truly good or e... ...d by the rest of history. The revolution of thought that occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries forced Shakespeare and other authors to change the foundations of their own thought. They were all willing to present to us their own ideology of truth so that we may benefit from their knowledge. Everyone faces these crises in life, the crisis of one's own opinions being shattered by reality. We may hold on to our opinions, disregarding fact or twisting the facts to fit our theories. But in order for progress to occur, we must at times shed our previous beliefs in favor of ones newly created. We must endeavor to find a version of the truth that is based in knowledge, and one that satisfies our desires. We may never find a version of truth that is satisfactory for everyone. But our search cannot cease. The truth, after all, is in the eye of the beholder.      

Non-Traditional Sports: Social Barriers :: Bodybuilding Synchronized Swimming Essays

Non-Traditional Sports: Social Barriers Gender barriers have always existed in the field of sports. I will be focusing specifically on women in the field of bodybuilding and men who enter synchronized swimming in order to illustrate the social and cultural costs and benefits of these individuals entering their given sports. Breaking Barriers: The gym is the world of gods and heroes, goddesses larger than life, a place of incantations where our bodies inflate and we shuffle off our out-of-gym bodies like discarded skins and walk about transformed. . . . Here, in this space, we begin to grow, to change. The transformation has begun, and our flawed humanity is falling off fast. We are picking up our shoulders, elevating our chins, shaking ugliness from our shoulders with a series of strokes, the glistening dumbbells, listening to our blood's rush. Our pasty misshapen bodies are developing clean lines. Our day's tribute of trials and heartaches is fading, for here, in this gym space, we become kings and queens. Larger, invincible, gods in ourselves. (Introduction, Bodymakers: A Cultural Anatomy of Women's Body Building) Women in bodybuilding is a recent phenomenon. It is an example of the cultural transformation and revolution that has been in the process for many years now. Leslie Heywood, the author of the quote above, is an assistant professor of English at the State University of New York, Binghamton. As stated by a critic of her recent book, Bodymakers, "Heywood looks at the sport and image of female body building as a metaphor for how women fare in our current political and cultural climate. Drawing on contemporary feminist and cultural theory as well as her own involvement in the sport, she argues that the movement in women's bodybuilding from small, delicate bodies to large powerful ones and back again is directly connected to progress and backlash within the abortion debate, the ongoing struggle for race and gender equality, and the struggle to define "feminism" in the context of the nineties. She discusses female bodybuilding as activism, as an often effective response to abuse, race and m asculinity in body building, and the contradictory ways that photographers treat female bodybuilders." It is evident from this brief yet descriptive narration of her book that Heywood believes both cultural costs and benefits of women in the sport of bodybuilding exist, as well as in any other field in which women push the restraints of social acceptance.

Merchant of Venice and the Crucible Comparison

All communities run successfully with qualities of fairness and equality. The well-being of the citizens depends on the support and guidance they receive from those with power and influence in their society. When the people become corrupt and start having intentions that do not contribute back to the community, the society will fall apart and be unable to maintain balance and stability. In William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and Arthur Miller’s The Crucible the reader sees examples of injustice inflicted on the victims within the plays through the people with power within the community.The Christians in The Merchant of Venice mock Shylock the Jew countless times while the high court in The Crucible believe citizens are practicing witchcraft without a proper testimony. In both situations, the Christians and the court see themselves doing the right thing and believe they are contributing to the society when in reality, they break apart the community by persecutin g those that are different.The victims in William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and Arthur Miller’s The Crucible suffer from injustice as power being placed in the wrong hands leads to the formation of biased decision, the limited free will of citizens and severe punishments. The limited free will of the victims within the societies due to the manipulative mannerisms of the Christians and court subjects them to injustice. The way the Christians hate Shylock makes him have limited free will in the Venetian community.Shylock is unable to interact with the Christians due to his reputation as a moneylender. Shylock is unable to choose his occupation and as a moneylender, his only source of income is the interest he gains from it, resulting in the Christians hating him. This injustice forces him to be shunned from society and he ends up losing everything that he owns. The Jews only had moneylenders as their occupation and this injustice forces them to be unable to re late and communicate with society. â€Å"I am as like to call thee [dog] again, / To spit on thee again, to purn thee too† (1. 3. 126-127) demonstrates the abuse Shylock receives. His limitedness in his occupation highlights the lack of orientation in their community and the need to force those that are different away. Solanio is â€Å"sure the duke will never grant this forfeiture to hold† (3. 3. 24-25) and as the play continues, Shylock faces a losing battle in which the power is evident in contributing to his destruction. He is faced with injustice every time he meets a Christian and this is limiting him in his performance in the community.Similarly, the court exerts limited free will on all citizens of Salem when they stay a devout Christian. All citizens need to be part of the theocracy and if one strays away from it, they are accused of being affiliated with the devil. â€Å"No crack in a fortress may be accounted small† (Miller 64) demonstrates the limite d possibility of people in Salem to have another choice of religion. The power of the court forces those that were not part of the theocratic government to be eliminated from society. These are all landholding farmers, members of the church†¦ they’ve known the women many years and never saw no sign they had dealings with the Devil†¦ should be summoned† (Miller 86-87) shows how those that wanted to prove the innocence of the accused are taken in to court to be questioned. Regardless of the many times the citizens of Salem tries to tell the court about the absurdity of witchcraft, the court would not listen. John Proctor goes â€Å"twenty-six time in seventeen month† (Miller 61) and it was not enough, thus he is accused of trying to overthrow the government.The injustice causes many people to die without being at fault. The flaws in the ruling of the government are evident throughout the play as the court refuses to listen and uses its power to determine the rules of society on its own. Due to the injustice in the communities of Venice and Salem put by the power in the wrong hands, severe punishments are placed on the victims. The punishments determined by the Christians affect Shylock severely and he ends up losing all that he has.The injustice Shylock receives is more than enough to prove his continuous suffering throughout the play. Antonio â€Å"call[s him] misbeliever, cut-throat dog,† (1. 3. 107), demonstrating the abusive treatment he receives as the Christians make fun of him and throw hateful words at him. Shylock has no one to stand up for him, appearing alone in most scenes whereas the Christians always arrive in groups. This â€Å"ganging up† gives the Christians power over Shylock and when they use this power to hurt Shylock emotionally, the injustice and damage created is exponential.The court is already in favour to Antonio winning as shown by the Duke saying he â€Å"think[s] so too, / That [Shylock] b ut lead’st this fashion of [his] malice to the last hour of act. † (4. 1. 17-19) the power is unequal and this ruling forces Shylock to surrender and accept his defeat. It is unjust for this to happen as Shylock does not get a fair trial and ends up losing everything. Likewise, the court overuses its power and ends up killing the entire community. The power of the court enforces theocracy to a degree that results in the citizens being accused of not following them correctly and turning to witchcraft.John Proctor succumbs to saying he is associated with the devil and â€Å"sign[s himself] to lies† (Miller 133) by confessing to an act he did not commit. The unequal treatment of the accused shows how the court enjoys abusing the abundance of power it has in its hands. The accused have no one to turn to and â€Å"God send[s] his mercy on [them]† (Miller 129) when they admit to witchcraft. The court takes pleasure in watching the citizens get accused and delved in the fact the power they owned is essential in the sufferance of the citizens. It is this cruel act of the community that makes the entire community suffer.The punishments are apparent due to the contrast between the victims and the authoritative power in the Christians and the court, ultimately affecting the overall injustice within each society. When decisions are influenced and become biased, the opposite side of the party becomes affected. While one party might benefit and receive a positive bias, the reverse will happen for the other, resulting in the victims being wrongly accused. The choices the Christians make end up harming Shylock when he loses all of his wealth and property and is converted to a Christian.The biased decision causes injustice on Shylock as he is shunned and hated in the Venetian community. As Shylock begins his famous speech â€Å"Hath not a Jew eyes? † (3. 1. 54) he demonstrates that he feels the same pains and joys that the Christians feel and should be treated equally but the biased views the Christians have of him eliminates him from any form of respect he deserves. When Jessica robs him and leaves with a Christian Solanio, pretending to be Shylock, cries out â€Å"My daughter! O my ducats! O my daughter! † (2. 8. 15) in a mocking manner, creating a bias on Shylock in which readers are able to agree with.Shylock is portrayed as a cruel and revengeful character and as Solanio imitates him, no sympathy is felt for his loss. The Christians are only able to see Shylock as the Jew and do not relate any emotions to him. Similarly, the opinion of the court forces the whole town of Salem to follow suit. The young girls are able to gain power and with the help of the court, they are able to hang those they dislike. Their innocence and sense of vulnerability enables the court to believe and support them. Abigail’s â€Å"name is good in the village† (Miller 12) makes her able to easily accuse those not in favo ur with the court.The court believes her and only hears her side of the story, taking all that she says as the truth. Once Abigail accuses the citizens, their chance of redemption is next to none. Proctor stands up for himself, questioning why they never â€Å"wonder if Parris be innocent, or Abigail? Is the accuser always holy now? † (Miller 73). The biased opinion of the court made many innocent people wait to be proven guilty. The power of Abigail and her friends inflict injustice on the citizens they disliked, forcing many families to die in Salem.Their lack of consideration for others makes for a bias against the accused. The communities in which abused power is present as a result is torn apart, compelling the victims to suffer. The biased decision of the Christians and the court result in injustice in their society, playing a crucial role in splitting up the community. The formation of biased decisions, the limited free will, and severe punishments is a result of injus tice in the communities when power is placed in the wrong hands in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and Miller’s The Crucible.The biased decisions of the Christians and the court help them to form favoured decisions and prefer one group over another. The limited free will Shylock and the citizens receive result in the lack of choices they make in their daily lives. The severe punishments the victims in both texts receive cause the injustice in the community to grow as those with power abuse their ability and use it to harm those that did not need to be harmed. The injustice shows the need to fix problems in societies, teaching one that power used properly is essential for a community to function.

Principles Of Business Essay

Planning In my planning, I will be very much interested in establishing several activities which involves defining the purpose of the store. I will define this as a store for the storage of sports goods for profit purpose. It will be focused on storing goods for profit making. I will therefore need to plan where I will be purchasing the goods so that, they can cheaply be bought, they will have continuous flow so that I do not run short of stock. I must plan for the site for the business. This is to ensure the business is located in a place where the customers can access the commodities without obstruction by any thing. The place should be safe and secure for the customers. I will focus on the labour. I must plan the sources of labour source and the numbers of workers who will be required. I should also plan for the finances that will be required for the commencement of the business as initial capital. I must plan on how the business will run i.e., Is going to be in large scale business or small scale in which goods will be sold in retail or whole sale methods. Simply, I will plan for my resources, state my mission, define my vision and have a summary of the overall operations of the business. (Ehlers, 2000) Organizing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I will review my plan of the business. Reviewing the plans will enable me to understand the key points which I need to include in my organization. This will require me to put in place the list of tasks and the groups of individuals who will be assigned in the various tasks short listed. Such groups will be such people like sale groups, store group, purchasing groups administration group and others which may deemed appropriate.   I will then group the tasks into jobs. (Ehlers, 2000) Directing I will ensure that there are directors who will act as supervisors of the other subordinate staff. The directors will be the overall responsible delegate in the different departmental sectors. They will be requiring to under taking senior responsibilities like overseen the general run of the particular departmental activities. Controlling Controlling being the final process of the four functional chains of management activities, which bring the function of management to full circle; it will be necessary for me to establish control methods of the store. This will involve the setting up effective control systems for the monitoring of the activities and the corrective actions to be taken. I will include supervisors in the store to see that worker working under the different departments do not become reluctant in their specified jobs and tasks. I must install systems to make sure that there is overall evaluation of the goods purchase, goods in stock and those which haves been sold. Supervisors will have to observe what is happening and compare that with what was supposed to be done. They will be supposed to correct any ineffective activity and conditions in order to bring the result to my expectations. This will facilitate the delegation of activities to employees. Because supervisors are held accountable for their junior employees’ performance, there will be timely feedback on employees’ activities. . (Deresky, 2002) Levels of management/organization chart There several management levels which I will require to have the sports store to run smoothly. These include: Top level: – this will have the general director which I should be holding such a post. This will enable me to oversee the other people who will be working under the other levels of the management. The middle level will contain directors of sale, purchase and store. They will be support to directly report all implementations and mitigation of activities of their departments. Director for sale will makes sure the targets of sales are achieved through the implementation of set objectives and targets. Director of store will ensure goods in the store are safe and properly issued. Director of purchases will make sure there is proper in flow of goods from our suppliers in to our premises at the right price. First level will have those people working under the various directors who will be supervising the lowest ranked employees in the different departments. (Deresky, 2002) General Director Top level  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My management style I will have a passive management style in which the major decision making will be based on the people opinion. I will hold meeting with the supervisors who will working under the departments to discuss some of the issues arising in our organizations. (Griffin, 2002)   Reference: Deresky, H. (2002): global management strategic and inters personal: prentice hall Ehlers, M. (2000): Residential based business as an alternative location: university of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pretoria Griffin, R. (2002): international business: a managerial perspective: prentice hall